Inter-clutch egg differences and androgenesis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum 1792)

Ionizing radiation (IR) is applied to inactivate the nuclear genome in rainbow trout eggs during induced androgenetic development. However, IR-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) may affect developmental potential of eggs and reduce the effectiveness of androgenesis. To verify this assumption, androgenetic development of rainbow trout was induced in eggs irradiated with 350 Gy of X-rays. Survival rates, pH of the ovarian fluid and activity of antioxidant enzymes, including SOD, CAT and GPx, were examined in non-irradiated and irradiated eggs originating from four females. Survival rates of androgenetic embryos developing in eggs produced by different females varied from 1% to 57% and these inter-clutch differences were significant. Eggs from female F4, which showed the highest developmental competence for androgenesis, also showed increased activities of SOD, CAT and GPx enzymes. The pH value of the ovarian fluid of each female was over 8 before and after irradiation, therefore it seems that radiation did not affect the ovarian fluid pH. Considering the above-mentioned inter-clutch differences, a strong maternal effect on the effectiveness of androgenesis can be assumed. Eggs with increased activity of antioxidant enzymes before irradiation should be expected to show increased developmental competence for androgenesis.

Conclusions

Eggs from four rainbow trout females used in the present experiment were characterized by similar quality. However, the survival of androgenetic specimens developing in these eggs varied significantly. There were also significant inter-clutch differences in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes. Patterns of SOD, CAT and GPx activity were different in non-irradiated eggs and eggs exposed to X-rays for androgenesis. However, the effect of X-rays was minor. The highest survival rate of androgenetic specimens was observed in eggs that showed increased CAT and GPx activities before irradiation. The high inter-clutch variation in the enzyme activity and survival of androgenetic progeny suggested the involvement of maternal genetic factor(s) enabling the effective development of androgenetic trout. There was no significant effect of X-rays on the acid-base balance of the ovarian fluid, which was considered important for the survival of androgenotes.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the University of Gdańsk, Poland (grant number 538-G205-B108-18). We thank Rafał Różyński from the Department of Salmonid Research, Inland Fisheries Institute in Olsztyn, Rutki, for his technical assistance during the experiment.

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